GPR109A antibody
- Known as:
- GPR109A (anti-)
- Catalog number:
- orb100029
- Product Quantity:
- EUR
- Category:
- -
- Supplier:
- Biorbyt biorb
- Gene target:
- GPR109A antibody
Related genes to: GPR109A antibody
- Gene:
- HCAR2 NIH gene
- Name:
- hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2
- Previous symbol:
- GPR109A
- Synonyms:
- HCA2, HM74A, PUMAG, Puma-g, NIACR1
- Chromosome:
- 12q24.31
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 2004-04-22
- Date modifiied:
- 2015-09-11
Related products to: GPR109A antibody
Related articles to: GPR109A antibody
- Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors are class A G-protein-coupled receptors that act as metabolic sensors linking cellular metabolic status to physiological and immune responses. This family comprises three members (HCAR1, HCAR2, and HCAR3), expressed in metabolically active tissues and immune cells. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of the most recently derived members, HCAR2 and HCAR3, in primates. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a complex duplicative history involving multiple independent duplication events during ape evolution. As a result, most ape lineages harbor independently originated duplicated copies, whereas non-ape primates retain the ancestral single-copy condition (HCAR2/3). Functional inference indicates that this single-copy gene may be functionally similar to HCAR2, suggesting that the major functional innovation in apes is associated with the emergence of HCAR3. Gene expression analyses further show that major divergence in tissue expression occurred early, following the duplication that generated HCAR1 and the HCAR2/3 lineage, while HCAR2 and HCAR3 retain largely overlapping expression profiles. Together, our results suggest that HCAR3 receptors may have evolved repeatedly in apes, potentially contributing to refined lipid-sensing. - Source: PubMed
Opazo Juan CBarros L FelipeZavala KattinaMaldonado RodrigoMardones Gonzalo A - Ketogenic diets (KDs) have been reported to influence tumor progression through metabolic and immunological modulation of the tumor microenvironment. β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), the predominant ketone body elevated by KD, functions not only as an energy substrate but also as a potent signaling metabolite. Despite its role in modulating the tumor microenvironment, the direct impact of βOHB on the function of CD8 T cell, a key mediator of anti-tumor immunity, remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that βOHB suppresses tumor growth in multiple mouse tumor models by enhancing the accumulation, survival, and effector function of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. In contrast, acetoacetate does not exert comparable immunomodulatory effects. Mechanistically, βOHB upregulates the Tcf7-Lck signaling pathway by engaging with the cell surface receptor Hcar2, an effect potentially working in parallel with its role as an HDAC inhibitor. Knockdown of either Tcf7 or Hcar2 in CD8 T cells abolishes the promoting effect of βOHB on CD8 T function. Our findings elucidate a metabolite-immune axis that directly regulates the functional state of tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells and provide experimental evidence linking ketone metabolism to anti-tumor immune regulation. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/20
Bai YupanXue HanBao YujiePan YueTang JiayinWang MengnaWang YingXu JieHuang Jing - Attenuated niacin flush has been associated with schizophrenia (SZ), and six biomarkers within the niacin flush pathway have been identified as potential biomarkers for SZ, including niacin flush response, G-protein-coupled receptor 109 A (GPR109A), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (DP1), and PGE2 receptors (EP2 and EP4). However, sex differences may influence the discriminative performance of biomarker-based models. To examine this hypothesis, we recruited 182 patients with SZ and 111 healthy controls (HC) and constructed sex-specific classification models to evaluate the impact of sex on the predictive utility of these biomarkers. Additionally, the expression levels of two other PGE2 receptors, EP1 and EP3, were also measured, but neither showed statistically significant differences between SZ and HC. In females, PGE2 demonstrated promising discriminative ability, with a nested 10-fold cross-validated AUC of 0.92 and a Brier score of 0.10. In contrast, the contribution of PGE2 in males was negligible, resulting in lower model performance compared with that in females. In terms of AUC performance, EP4 also showed a similar but weaker effect to PGE2. Feature analysis indicated PGE2 contributed prominently to the discriminative model in females but had minimal impact in males. Decision curve analysis revealed a higher clinical benefit for the female-specific model, suggesting superior utility. These findings suggest the presence of sex-specific differences in inflammatory signaling associated with the niacin flush pathway in SZ. Incorporating sex-specific profiles may therefore help refine niacin flush pathway biomarkers into more robust tools for the personalized prediction of SZ. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/15
Hsieh Kuang-YuChiu Chi-WeiLin Jin-JiaTseng Huai-HsuanHuang Chih-ChunWang Tzu-YunChen Po-SeeYao Chi-YuJang Fong-LinChang Wei-HungLin Chih-WeiKang Yu-EnLin Sheng-Hsiang - Hyperlipidaemia (HLP) arises from impaired lipid homeostasis in the setting of chronic low-grade inflammation, yet mechanistic comparisons between the edible medicinal fungi Cordyceps militaris and Ophiocordyceps sinensis remain scarce. Here, we combined chemical profiling with target/pathway prioritisation and structure-based modelling to define shared and species-specific lipid-regulatory features of these two fungi, followed by in vivo validation of cordycepin, a representative component of C. militaris, in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Integrated network analysis identified 72 common HLP-related targets, supporting convergence on inflammation-metabolism crosstalk. C. militaris displayed a more concentrated signature, characterised by GRIK family and proteasome-associated hubs and prominent enrichment of AMPK-related signalling. In contrast, O. sinensis was preferentially associated with upstream regulatory networks including insulin signalling, PI3K-Akt, MAPK and HIF-1. Molecular dynamics simulations showed relatively stable behaviour for the GRIK5-cordycepin and HCAR2-nicotinic acid complexes, whereas ERBB2-cerevisterol exhibited larger conformational fluctuation. MM-PBSA calculations further provided quantitative support for ligand-target association in the selected representative complexes. HPLC confirmed cordycepin as a characteristic component of C. militaris. In vivo, cordycepin improved fasting glucose and circulating lipid profiles, alleviated hepatic steatosis-like changes, and was accompanied by increased hepatic Prkaa1 and decreased Srebf1 expression. Collectively, these findings provide comparative computational insights into the hypolipidaemic potential of C. militaris and O. sinensis, while supporting cordycepin as a bioactive constituent of C. militaris associated with transcriptional changes related to AMPK/SREBP-1c signalling. The predicted regulatory features of O. sinensis still require direct experimental validation. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/09
Shi HuaijieZhang GuoyingLing Jianya - Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a robust local inflammatory response that can both facilitate repair and exacerbate pathology. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (Hcar2) is known to exert immunomodulatory effects; however, its role in SCI and its potential for targeting Hcar2 to alleviate motor deficits remain unclear. - Source: PubMed
Du HuaZeng LingnianLiu ChanZhou HuyaoWang XiaAi QingZhu JinpiaoXiao Nong