Ask about this productRelated genes to: IL21 protein
- Gene:
- IL21 NIH gene
- Name:
- interleukin 21
- Previous symbol:
- -
- Synonyms:
- Za11, IL-21
- Chromosome:
- 4q27
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 2000-03-29
- Date modifiied:
- 2019-04-23
Related products to: IL21 protein
Related articles to: IL21 protein
- To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of Formula (SJF) for alleviating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with wind-cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome (WCDA) from the perspective of Th17/Treg immune balance. - Source: PubMed
Mei XiaoliWu SilanLuo JinpingHuang WentaoSun JianbinHuang Chonggang - Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathobiology of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome (PSP-S). However, it is not adequately known whether peripheral inflammation correlates to neuroinflammation in PSP-S. This study aimed to examine a link between peripheral and brain inflammation in PSP-S by integrating blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory profile and Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (PET-MRI). - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/07/23
Dey SaikatKumar AishwaryaKumar PardeepKavya Paranthaman VMondal SandipanHolla Vikram VKamble NitishMahale RohanPal Pramod KYadav RaviDebnath Monojit - Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a distinct B cell population characterized by coexpression of T-bet and CD11c. First described in aged female mice and autoimmune-prone strains, ABCs are now recognized to be associated with multiple human autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, where their frequency correlates with disease activity. Their differentiation requires toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, IFN-γ, IL-21, BCR engagement, with ZEB2 emerging as the nonredundant transcriptional master regulator of ABC identity. Here we review requirements for ABC differentiation, their defining phenotypic and functional features, and their tissue-specific distribution and pathogenic contributions in diverse inflammatory settings. A central theme is that ABCs are tissue-homing cells whose contribution extends beyond blood and lymphoid organs. In kidney, inflamed synovium, salivary glands, and adipose tissue, ABCs drive pathology through locally differentiated autoantibody-secreting cells, stromal activation, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. We further discuss roles for ABCs in neurological diseases, including their enrichment in the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis (MS) and their contribution to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease, and highlight the EBV-ABC axis as a mechanism linking viral infection to autoimmunity. In summary, ABCs are multi-functional, tissue-adaptable pathogenic effectors whose contributions to human disease extend beyond classical autoimmunity into metabolic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. - Source: PubMed
Rubtsova Kira - Background and objectives Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, a cornerstone of therapy in sickle cell disease (SCD), carries the risk of alloimmunisation. Interestingly, not all SCD patients develop alloimmunisation. Research findings underscore the pivotal role of T-cell subsets and their cytokine profiles in regulating alloimmunisation. But the mechanisms of selective alloimmunisation are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterise helper T cell subsets with their signature cytokines in multi-transfused SCD patients. Methods The patients were divided into two groups: alloimmunised and non-alloimmunised, depending on the presence or absence of alloantibodies following transfusions. Flow cytometric analysis of the Tfh and Treg subsets was performed. The supernatant plasma was used to estimate the levels of signature cytokines. The Mann-Whitney U test, independent sample median test, and Spearman's Rho correlation test were performed for statistical analysis. Results A total of 12 patients from each group were included. A significantly higher percentage of T-regs was observed in the non-alloimmunised group [median 7.65, interquartile range (IQR) 6.37-8.20] than in the alloimmunised group (median 6.27, IQR 4.77-6.80) (P<0.05). A significantly higher expression of IL-21 was observed in the alloimmunised group. Significantly higher expression of TGF-β and IL-10 was found in the non-alloimmunised group (P<0.05). Interpretation and conclusions Our study highlights increased Treg percentages and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the non-immune group, as well as increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated Tfh subsets in alloimmunised patients. - Source: PubMed
Mukherjee SomnathAnwar TahsimChhabra GauravPrakash SatyaSahu AnsumanMishra DebasishPanigrahi Ashutosh - CD8 T cells are critical players in immune responses against pathogens. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is predominantly produced by CD4 T cells and exerts multifaceted effects on CD8 T cell regulation and function. Using -reporter and -fate mapping mice, we report that a subpopulation of activated CD8 T cells also produces IL-21 in the context of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. During the early effector phase of both acute and chronic infections, IL-21-expressing CD8 T cells exhibit substantial proliferative and cytotoxic capacities, with higher levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B (GZMB) compared with IL-21 counterparts. Moreover, CD8 T cell-derived IL-21 played a critical protective role in chronic, but not acute, infection. IL-21 expression in CD8 T cells appeared to be largely restricted to exhausted progenitor T cells during the exhaustion phase of chronic infection. These findings identify IL-21-expressing CD8 T cells as pivotal players in the control of chronic infection. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/07/31
Zhao ZixuanFeng HanZhao XiaohongXie BowenXie TianSun QinliChen YongzhenWei KunPan BiruiWei PengZhong XuanYuan LeiBai XueWang XiaohuDong Chen