Ask about this productRelated genes to: IL21 protein
- Gene:
- IL21 NIH gene
- Name:
- interleukin 21
- Previous symbol:
- -
- Synonyms:
- Za11, IL-21
- Chromosome:
- 4q27
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 2000-03-29
- Date modifiied:
- 2019-04-23
Related products to: IL21 protein
Related articles to: IL21 protein
- TB (Tuberculosis) and HIV co-infection remains a major global health challenge, with limited understanding of how these pathogens impact local immune responses in the lungs. This study is the first to investigate the modulation of IL-21 during LTBI and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/ Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) co-infection in non-human primates (NHP). We show that IL-21 expression, predominantly derived from CD4⁺ T cells, is significantly reduced in lungs of Mtb/SIV co-infected macaques, especially in the absence of cART. Although cART and cART with 3HP partially restore IL-21-producing CD4⁺ T cells, levels remain below those in LTBI, indicating ongoing immune impairment. Spatial transcriptomic analysis suggests localized alterations in immune signaling, including differences in STAT1- and STAT3-associated transcriptional profiles and reduced Mtb-specific IFN-γ responses in co-infected animals. Together, our findings indicate that IL-21-producing CD4⁺ T cells are selectively and persistently impaired in the lungs during Mtb/SIV co-infection despite antimicrobial and antiviral therapy. These results highlight a compartment-specific deficit in immune reconstitution and suggest that IL-21-associated pathways may warrant further investigation as potential targets for host-directed therapeutic strategies. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/05
Shivanna VinayEscalona Renee DChuba ColinSingh Shashi PrakashMoustafa Ahmed ABrown J QuincyXiao ChenyaoKim SangkyuDick Edward JMehra SmritiPaiardini MirkoSharan Riti - Primary therapy for high-risk bladder cancer (BCa) is repeated instillations of the tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Although BCG reduces the risk of recurrence by more than half, the mechanisms underlying its immune-activating effects remain unknown. Our objective was to investigate how the immune response differs between BCG responders and non-responders and to compare systemic and local immune responses. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/21
Brown Ryan JKhan Mairah THouston Andrew JNiu HongshenPodojil Joseph RChoy BonnieCui WeiguoMeeks Joshua James - This study aims to investigate the effects of metformin on T cell differentiation and the underlying mechanisms in NOD/Ltj mice, a model for primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Specifically, we focus on metformin's role in modulating Th17 differentiation and its potential regulation through the mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathway. - Source: PubMed
Wang JianLiu MengliFan ZhouLi ZhuoyueWang LongfeiWang LiliMei YongjunLiu Zhirong - Emerging data show that B-cell depleting chemotherapies, which are increasingly used to treat autoimmune disorders and multiple sclerosis, can be associated with mucosal side effects such as inflammatory vaginitis. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/21
Bar OfriMurthy MeenaCosgrove KatherineSaidi YusraEl-Arar WafaeGoldenberg MilesSauvage GabrielBergerat AgnesCooley Demidkina BriahLaliberte KarenXu JiawuPierson GraceKwon Douglas SNiles JohnYassour MoranMitchell Caroline M - The objective of this study was to assess oregano essential oil (OEO) as a pre-harvest intervention to reduce Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) colonization in broilers. Two identical floor-pen trials were conducted with a total of 200 Ross 708 straight-run chicks (0 to 43 days). Each trial included 2 pens (50 chickens/pen). All chickens received a common basal corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet from 0 to 4 days-of-age and followed a phase-feeding program consisting of starter, grower, and finisher diets to match nutritional requirements. At day 4, pens were assigned to either the basal corn-SBM diet without OEO (control) or the same diet supplemented with OEO (300 g/ton in the feed from 4 to 43 days and 6 oz/gal of stock solution from 28 to 43 days via the water source; Ecodiar®, Nutrinae LLC). At 7 days, chickens were challenged via oral gavage with SE (1 × 10⁵-10⁶ CFU/0.5 mL per chick). At day 43, one cecal pouch per bird was collected for SE enrichment to determine prevalence, and cecal content was analyzed for SE load using standard microbiological procedures. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, with significance declared at P < 0.05. OEO supplementation reduced SE prevalence from 49% in the control to 34% (P = 0.03). Cecal SE counts were also reduced by approximately 1 log₁₀ with OEO compared with the control (2.7 × 10³ vs. 1.9 × 10² CFU/g; P = 0.02). Mechanistically, OEO supplementation significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced protein expression of key inflammatory cytokine (IL-21) and chemokine (MIP-1β) in the cecal tonsil compared to tissue from control-fed chickens. Therefore, OEO supplementation in the feed and water reduced SE prevalence and load in broilers, indicating greater resistance to colonization by reducing inflammation in important lymphoid tissue. This effect may potentially reduce flock-level transmission risk and supports OEO application as a pre-harvest strategy to reduce SE colonization in market-age broilers. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/17
Swaggerty Christina LSasia SantiagoCabrera M DoloresByrd J AllenGenovese Kenneth JAnderson Robin CCabrera GabrielCabrera Rafael