Ask about this productRelated genes to: DTX2 Blocking Peptide
- Gene:
- DTX2 NIH gene
- Name:
- deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 2
- Previous symbol:
- -
- Synonyms:
- RNF58, KIAA1528
- Chromosome:
- 7q11.23
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 2001-08-13
- Date modifiied:
- 2016-07-25
Related products to: DTX2 Blocking Peptide
Related articles to: DTX2 Blocking Peptide
- Domoic acid (DA), produced by Pseudo-nitzschia species during harmful algal blooms, causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans. Regulatory monitoring relies on accurate but resource-intensive liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) reference method. There is urgent need for validated rapid screening tools for field and laboratory settings. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/26
Khan Daud HSafavieh RoozbehTurner Andrew DAlexander Ryan PPage ShaminaDean KarlSaebi RozhinBaig Maarij - In the coastal waters of Aotearoa New Zealand, including the territory of Rangitāhua Kermadec Islands, the diversity, distribution, and diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST) profile of the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum has not been well characterised. Between 2018 and 2021, samples of macroalgae were collected from various sites, in both subtropical and temperate coastal waters and 230 clonal isolates of benthic Prorocentrum were established, with additional nine strains obtained from the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of partial large subunit ribosomal DNA (D1-D2 or D1-D3 regions) determined the presence of nine species consisting of multiple clades or subclades: P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1d, 1e, 4a, and 4b, P. hoffmannianum, P. aff. foraminosum clades 1 and 2, P. clipeus, P. cf. emarginatum, P. fukuyoi complex subclades F2c, F2g, F2h, and F2i, P. malayense, P. rhathymum, and P. tsawwassenense clade 1. P. lima complex subclade 4a was widespread from the subtropical to temperate zones. On the other hand, P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1d, and 1e, P. hoffmannianum, P. cf. emarginatum, P. fukuyoi complex subclades F2g and F2h, P. malayense, and P. rhathymum were restricted to the subtropical zone, and the other species/clades/subclades were restricted to the temperate zone. The profile of DSTs [okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs)] by 169 strains of the nine species was assessed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analyses revealed that strains of all P. lima complex subclades, P. aff. foraminosum clade 1 produced OA and/or DTX1, whereas strains of P. hoffmannianum produced only OA and a strain of P. aff. foraminosum clade 2 produced only DTX1. Strains of the other species/subclades did not produce detectable quantities of OA and DTX1. Only P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1e, 4a, and 4b, P. hoffmannianum, and P. aff. foraminosum clades 1 and 2 produced an uncharacterised DTX1 isomer. There was no DTX2 detected in any of the strains. These results suggest that there are potential risks for DST accumulation in marine animals from three benthic Prorocentrum species in Aotearoa New Zealand and Rangitāhua Kermadec Islands. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/02/01
Nishimura TomohiroMurray J SamSmith Kirsty FThompson LucyFitzgerald JoshuaPassfield EmillieBalci MuharremHarwood D TimChallenger SarahAdachi MasaoRhodes Lesley L - ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) is a post-translational modification that has regulatory roles in multiple cellular pathways including the DNA damage response and in innate immunity. Recently, it has been uncovered that ADP-ribose can be further modified by a family of ubiquitin E3 ligases, the DELTEXES, which catalyze ubiquitin transfer directly onto ADP-ribose, creating a hybrid ADPr-Ub modification which can be recognized by proteins with dedicated ADPr-Ub binding domains. With this hybrid modification recently been identified in cellular systems, we use a series of in vitro and cellular assays in human cells to investigate the amino acid preference for ADPr-Ub production as well as conditions required for reversal of the modification. We show that ADPr on both serine and glutamate-linked peptides can be ubiquitinated by the RING-DTC domains of DTX2 and DTX3L in vitro and that this can be recognized by RNF114, RNF138 and RNF166 for ubiquitin chain elongation. Finally, we demonstrate that DTX2 rather than DTX3L plays a role in ADPr-Ub production at sites of DNA damage to promote the recruitment of RNF114, RNF138, and RNF166 in an HPF1-independent manner. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/02
Chatrin ChatrinZhu KangSimmons Michael D RMaginn LucySchützenhofer KiraLu YangĐukić NinaWijngaarden SvenKloet Max SKliza Katarzyna WiktoriaHeden van Noort Gerbrand J van derFilippov Dmitri VAhel DraganaSmith RebeccaAhel Ivan - Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling, as a pivotal DNA-sensing mechanism, orchestrates antiviral and antitumor immunity through the induction of type I interferon response. Precise modulation of STING signaling is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis, yet its regulatory landscape has not been fully elucidated. Here, we identify the Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (DTX2) as a positive regulator of STING-type I interferon response. Loss of Dtx2 in mouse macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) markedly impairs the type I interferon production upon double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) stimulation. Correspondingly, Dtx2 mice exhibit more susceptibility to DNA viral infection compared to its counterparts. Mechanistically, DTX2 interacts with STING to promote K63-linked ubiquitination at residue K236 and K370, which facilitates the translocation of STING from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus and activates downstream signaling cascades. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DTX2 potentiates STING-mediated type I interferon response in multiple tumor cell lines, and enhances anti-tumor immunity in murine head and neck cancer models. Collectively, our work uncovers DTX2 as a previously unrecognized regulator of STING, revealing a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism for fine-tuning innate immune response with implications for combating infections and cancer. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/03/28
Liu ZhuangLi RunzeFan CaihongLiu YuhengLiu JiaYin MingchenShang NiWang XudongQi ZhiShen YannaLiu Chang - The increase in marine biotoxins produced by microalgae has resulted in a significant rise in their presence in marine organisms. Although regulations have been established to control these compounds, identifying new emerging non-regulated biotoxins is complicated by the lack of available analytical standards. This study aimed to determine different biotoxins in marine organisms by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry using a hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight analyzer for both targeted and untargeted approaches. Solid-liquid extraction was used to isolate the analytes from the marine organisms, followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for cleaning and preconcentration purposes. Limits of detection in the 0.002-12.2 ng g range were obtained for the target analytes, eight regulated biotoxins (azaspiracids 1-5, AZAs 1-5; okadaic acid, OA; dinophysistoxins 1-2, DTXs 1-2) and other six non-regulated biotoxins (gymnodimine, GYM; 13-desmethylspirolide C, 13-SPX C; 13,19-didesmethylspirolide C, 13,19-SPX C; 20-methylspirolide G, 20-SPX G; pinnatoxin G, PnTX G; pectenotoxin 2, PTX-2). Five target analytes, GYM, 13-SPX C, PnTX G, OA and DTX-2, were found in several samples. Additionally, a suspect screening was developed in the untargeted approach considering a database of 456 compounds belonging to same target biotoxins groups. Several biotoxins (16-GYM, GYMs E and a 13-SPX C isomer) were identified in the studied samples. The presence of GYMs E in marine animal tissues has been reported for the first time in this study to the best of our knowledge. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed with OA and 13-SPX C on SAF-1 cells as marine organism model. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/03/25
León-Morán Lixy OlindaPastor-Belda MartaArroyo-Manzanares NataliaPérez-Ruzafa ÁngelCampillo NataliaViñas Pilar