Ask about this productRelated genes to: SMC2 antibody
- Gene:
- SMC2 NIH gene
- Name:
- structural maintenance of chromosomes 2
- Previous symbol:
- SMC2L1
- Synonyms:
- hCAP-E, CAP-E
- Chromosome:
- 9q31.1
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 2001-02-22
- Date modifiied:
- 2014-11-18
Related products to: SMC2 antibody
Related articles to: SMC2 antibody
- Microglia are key immune cells in the central nervous system, whose dysfunction contributes to neuroinflammation and neurological disorders. Astragali Radix (AR), the root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, is known for neuroprotective effects, yet its active compounds remain underexplored. This study reports the first isolation of Millepurpan (MPP) from AR extract and reveals its potent anti-inflammatory effects in BV-2 microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Binding assays show MPP targets the ATPase head domain of structural maintenance of chromosomes 2 (SMC2), a condensin complex subunit, inducing steric hindrance that obstructs the ATP-binding pocket. LPS suppresses SMC2 nuclear translocation, causing p21-mediated G0/G1 arrest; MPP restores nuclear SMC2 and promotes G1/S transition. Seahorse metabolic analysis indicates MPP reverses LPS-induced glycolytic reprogramming, an effect abolished by Palbociclib co-treatment, highlighting cell cycle progression's role in metabolic regulation. In vivo, MPP crosses the blood-brain barrier, reduces microglial hyperactivation, and protects neurons in LPS-treated C57BL/6 mice. Immunofluorescence confirms MPP rescues nuclear SMC2 depleted by LPS, supporting its anti-neuroinflammatory action. Reanalysis of single-cell RNA sequencing datasets indicates dysregulation of SMC2 and downstream genes in Alzheimer's disease patients, suggesting SMC2 as a potential biomarker for neuroinflammation. Together, findings reveal an SMC2-mediated pathway whereby MPP binding promotes SMC2 nuclear translocation, mitigating neuroinflammation via regulation of microglial cell cycle and metabolic homeostasis. Given cell cycle regulation's importance in cellular homeostasis, SMC2 emerges as a promising therapeutic target, and MPP as a candidate agent for neuroinflammatory disorder treatment. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/06/11
Li YueYang Xue-FeiYang Shui-YuanWang LongSun Yi-ZhengTan Wang-XiaoYang ZhuoZheng Yong-ZheWang JingJin Hong-WeiZeng Ke-WuTu Peng-Fei - Condensin II is present in the nucleus throughout interphase, yet does not acquire robust loop-extruding activity until cells enter prophase. How the complex is kept inactive before prophase has remained unclear. Here we show, by cryo-EM and mass photometry, that nucleotide-free human condensin II forms a reversible dimer at physiological ionic strength. In this dimer, CAP-H2 elements required for chromosome association are buried, while the C-terminal tail of CAP-D3 holds the neck gate open by blocking engagement of the CAP-H2 neck-binding domain with the SMC2 neck. Nucleotide binding promotes monomerization and causes the SMC module to rotate toward the displaced neck-binding domain, but persistent CAP-D3 blockade keeps the gate open. These structures explain CAP-D3-dependent self-suppression of condensin II activity and suggest how nucleotide binding and M18BP1 engagement promote progression from an autoinhibited state toward a poised, pre-clamping intermediate. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/06/05
Beel AndrewMattei Pierre-JeanChen Dong-HuaBushnell DavidBaatar Baldandorj - Kombucha quality is largely governed by polyphenol transformation during fermentation. However, interaction between substrate composition and microbial communities regulating phenolic transformation and quality formation remains unclear. In this study, six tea substrates (white, green, yellow, black, oolong, and mint tea) were fermented using three defined microbial communities (SMC1-SMC3) and a traditional symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) to evaluate carbon metabolism, phenolic transformation, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality. After 10 d of fermentation, SMC2 and SMC3, containing acetic acid bacteria, showed stronger acidification (pH 2.2-2.5) and lower ethanol (0.34-0.52 mg/mL) than SMC1 (13.09-15.88 mg/mL). Phenolic transformation was substrate-dependent: total phenolics and flavonoids decreased in green tea, both increased in white tea, while flavonoids increased in oolong and black tea. Meanwhile, rutin decreased in white and green tea, whereas gallic acid accumulated in yellow, black, and oolong teas and was positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Sensory evaluation showed SMC3 achieved higher overall acceptability in most substrates, whereas SCOBY performed best in mint tea. These findings indicate substrate-microbiota interactions play a key role in phenolic transformation and quality formation in kombucha. Rational matching of tea substrates with defined microbial communities enables coordinated optimization of antioxidant activity, ethanol control, and sensory quality. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/28
Zhang JiayiShi ShengyangChen YingxiZhang SufangJi Chaofan - Estimating latent epidemic states and model parameters from partially observed, noisy data remains a major challenge in infectious disease modeling. State-space formulations provide a coherent probabilistic framework for such inference, yet fully Bayesian estimation is often computationally prohibitive because evaluating the observed-data likelihood requires integration over a latent trajectory. The Sequential Monte Carlo squared (SMC2) algorithm offers a principled approach for joint state and parameter inference, combining an outer SMC sampler over parameters with an inner particle filter that estimates the likelihood up to the current time point. Despite its theoretical appeal, this nested particle filter imposes substantial computational cost, limiting routine use in near-real-time outbreak response. We propose Ensemble SMC2 (eSMC2), a computationally efficient variant that replaces the inner particle filter with an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to approximate the incremental likelihood at each observation time. While this substitution introduces bias via a Gaussian approximation, we mitigate finite-sample effects using an unbiased Gaussian density estimator and adapt the EnKF for epidemic data through state-dependent observation variance. This makes our approach particularly suitable for overdispersed incidence data commonly encountered in infectious disease surveillance. Simulation experiments with known ground truth and an application to 2022 United States (U.S.) monkeypox incidence data demonstrate that eSMC2 achieves substantial computational gains while producing posterior estimates comparable to SMC2. The method accurately recovers latent epidemic trajectories and key epidemiological parameters, providing an efficient framework for sequential Bayesian inference from imperfect surveillance data. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/18
Temfack DhorassoWyse Jason - We utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate cellular heterogeneity and signaling networks in aortic dissection (AD) tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. The analysis identified five smooth muscle cell (SMC) subtypes, with SMC2 linked to fibrosis and SMC3 associated with inflammation. Thrombus-positive AD samples showed upregulated angiopoietin-like 4 () and increased M2 macrophages, indicating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Cell-cell communication analysis revealed a shift in vascular endothelial growth factor A () signaling from SMCs to fibroblasts, disrupting vascular homeostasis. In vitro experiments confirmed SMC2-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and SMC3-driven inflammatory responses via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Immunofluorescence validated elevated insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (), procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (), and in AD tissues, supporting their roles in matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. These findings highlight SMC phenotypic switching and altered signaling as key drivers of AD, proposing novel therapeutic targets to restore vascular integrity. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/21
Shao LiangHu FanZhao Ling-NaLuo Jian-PingZou Peng-TaoLiu XiuZheng Shao-YiChen CongYe Lin-XiongZhou Yu-XuanZhang JiaqiJin KaidiZhang Ping