Ask about this productRelated genes to: TLR2 antibody
- Gene:
- TLR2 NIH gene
- Name:
- toll like receptor 2
- Previous symbol:
- -
- Synonyms:
- TIL4, CD282
- Chromosome:
- 4q31.3
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 1998-06-25
- Date modifiied:
- 2016-10-25
Related products to: TLR2 antibody
Related articles to: TLR2 antibody
- Mastitis is a major inflammatory disorder of the mammary gland that causes substantial economic losses in the dairy industry, with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) being one of the predominant causative pathogens. The current treatment options are limited by antimicrobial resistance and drug residues. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of an ethnoveterinary oil (EO) formulation in an experimental model of S. aureus-induced mastitis. The EO formulation was prepared according to a standardized traditional ethnoveterinary composition. Mastitis was induced in healthy lactating primiparous Wistar rats by intramammary infusion of S. aureus (2 × 10 CFU/mL), and the twenty-four female Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 6: normal control (NC), mastitis control (MT), standard drug-treated (MT + DEX), and MT + EO-treated groups. The chemical composition of EO was characterized by GC-MS analysis, which identified 21 bioactive compounds, predominantly erucic acid, along with phenolic compounds, fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids, and steroidal constituents known for their anti-inflammatory potential. Biochemical analyses revealed that EO significantly restored endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced lipid peroxidation in mammary tissues. Furthermore, EO significantly decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity, indicating reduced neutrophil infiltration and protection against epithelial cell damage. The levels of Pro-inflammatory cytokines were markedly elevated in mastitis control group whereas EO treatment significantly suppressed their production. In addition, EO downregulated the gene expression of Toll like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX-2), suggesting modulation of key inflammatory and oxidative stress-related pathways. Histopathological and special staining analyses further confirmed the preservation of mammary gland architecture and attenuation of inflammatory infiltration following EO treatment. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EO exerts potent anti-mastitic effects through the combined modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and may serve as a promising natural therapeutic alternative for the management of S. aureus associated mastitis in Wistar rat model. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/30
Ratheesh MJose Svenia PSheethal SSandya SDhar ParulPandit Deeksha - Compound acid chemical peeling is widely used to treat acne vulgaris (AV), but the biological mechanisms underlying its clinical effects remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that compound acid chemical peeling would improve acne severity and would be associated with changes in the skin microbiome and a reduction in local inflammatory responses in patients with moderate AV. This study aimed to investigate the clinical, microbiological, and inflammatory effects of compound acid peeling in this population. We carried out a prospective, split‑face, randomized trial enrolling 30 patients with moderate AV. One hemiface received compound acid peeling twice weekly for 3 weeks (6 total sessions), followed by a 9‑week observation period. The contralateral hemiface received no treatment for the first 3 weeks and then underwent the same peeling protocol for 3 weeks, with a 6‑week follow‑up. Outcome measures included the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), patient self‑assessment, standardized facial imaging, skin biopsy with immunohistochemistry, bacterial DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Patients showed a statistically significant improvement in GAGS scores (P < 0.001). Facial imaging analysis revealed reductions in redness and porphyrin readings. Immunohistochemical staining for interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was reduced. Skin microbiome alpha diversity decreased, with a notable decrease in the relative abundance of Staphylococcus (P < 0.05). Throughout the study, no adverse events were reported. Compound acid peeling was effective and well-tolerated during the observation period and was associated with changes in the skin microbiome and local inflammatory marker staining. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/28
Shi MengcenWang RuiyaoPeng GuanglingChen YangmeiPan XingyuChen TingqiaoChen Jin - Elizabethkingia anophelis is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen associated with severe neonatal meningitis, sepsis, and hospital outbreaks, with high mortality rates and limited treatment options. In this study, a hybrid multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) was designed using an extensive immunoinformatics approach targeting four key outer membrane and secretion-associated proteins. Highly antigenic B-cell and T-cell (MHC-I and MHC-II) epitopes were predicted, rigorously screened for antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and cytokine induction potential, and selected based on binding affinity and population coverage. The final MEV construct incorporated eight MHC-I, eight MHC-II, and eight B-cell epitopes linked with appropriate linkers, adjuvanted with Human Beta Defensin-3, and tagged with a 6 × His sequence. Population coverage analysis revealed 99.38% global coverage. Structural modeling using AlphaFold2 followed by refinement yielded a high-quality 3D model (98.0% Ramachandran favored residues, ERRAT 98.621, ProSA Z-score - 4.68). Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding of the MEV to TLR-2, while 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the vaccine-receptor complex. Immune simulations predicted robust Th1-biased responses, high antibody production (IgG class switching), and generation of long-term memory B and T cells. Codon optimization for E. coli K12 (CAI 0.982) and in silico cloning into pET-28a( +) vector supported efficient recombinant expression, while mRNA secondary structure analysis indicated high stability. This computationally designed MEV offers a promising preventive strategy against E. anophelis infections. Further experimental validation is warranted to confirm its immunogenicity and protective efficacy. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/28
Hanzala MuhammadAbbas Rana ZohaibHabib MahnoorYaseen Allah RakhaSuleman MuhammadAlzahrani Khalid JAlsharif Khalaf FAlzahrani Fuad MFiryal Sehrish - Varicellovirus bovinealpha1 (BoAHV-1) and 5 (BoAHV-5) are important pathogens associated with respiratory, reproductive, and neurological disorders in cattle, remaining globally relevant since their first reports in the 1950s and 1960s. Envelope glycoproteins B, C, and D play critical roles in viral attachment and fusion, making them key targets for immune responses and promising candidates for vaccine development. This study aimed to design a multi-epitope protein using immunoinformatic approaches, incorporating highly conserved, antigenic B- and T- cell epitopes with strong predicted MHC-binding affinity from glycoproteins B, C, and D of BoAHV-1/5, followed by in silico characterization and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The construct was designed using bioinformatics tools, cloned into the pET-24a vector, and expressed in a prokaryotic system. The resulting protein consists of 321 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 33.24kDa, high antigenicity (1.1543) and non-allergenicity. Molecular docking analyses indicated strong interactions with bovine Toll-like receptors TLR2/6 and TLR4. The protein was successfully expressed in E. coli and detected by anti-His6x antibody in Western blot, showing the expected molecular weight (~33kDa). It was also recognized by bovine serum containing neutralizing antibodies against BoAHV-1/5. Overall, these findings support the feasibility of the multi-epitope construct and provide a foundation for future investigations of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy studies in animal models. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/27
Botton Nadálin Yandrade Sousa Guilherme FeijóGarcia Marina SturbelleFrühauf Matheus IuriSilva Barcelos Lariane daNeis AlessandraOliveira Hübner Silvia deLima Marcelo deSilva Pinto Luciano daFischer Geferson - Hyaluronan (HA) is a major glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix that regulates cell migration, signaling, and tissue homeostasis. Its turnover is controlled by coordinated synthesis by HA synthases and degradation by hyaluronidases. Among these hyaluronidases, TMEM2, the only known transmembrane hyaluronidase, plays a unique role in HA degradation at the cell surface; however, the cellular conditions that support its activity remain incompletely understood. To address this, we developed a cell-based HA turnover assay to examine TMEM2-mediated degradation of endogenously synthesized HA, rather than exogenously added, fluorescently labeled HA used in previous studies. Using this system, we show that TMEM2 readily degrades high-molecular weight HA synthesized by co-expressed HAS3. This degradation occurs only when TMEM2 and HAS3 are co-expressed in the same cells (), whereas co-culture of TMEM2-expressing cells with HAS3-expressing cells supports little or no degradation. Interestingly, HA-binding cell surface receptors CD44 and its homolog LYVE-1 promote efficient TMEM2-mediated HA degradation even under conditions, whereas other HA-binding proteins, including TSG-6, layilin, TLR2, RHAMM, and ICAM-1, do not. These findings suggest a spatially regulated mechanism of TMEM2 activity in which capture of HA at the cell surface, mediated by CD44 or LYVE-1, contributes to efficient HA degradation by TMEM2. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/12
Tobisawa YukiYano FumiakiraTomioka-Inagawa RisaIrie FumitoshiKoie TakuyaYamaguchi Yu