Ask about this productRelated genes to: MYD88 antibody
- Gene:
- MYD88 NIH gene
- Name:
- MYD88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor
- Previous symbol:
- -
- Synonyms:
- -
- Chromosome:
- 3p22.2
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 1997-12-23
- Date modifiied:
- 2019-04-23
Related products to: MYD88 antibody
Related articles to: MYD88 antibody
- Dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to extend dendrites to enhance the efficiency of antigen uptake and presentation. We previously reported that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate and valerate, promote dendrite extension in DCs. In this study, we found that the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus also induces dendrite extension in DCs and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Dendrite extension in DC2.4 cells was induced not only by live S. aureus but also by heat-killed bacteria and purified peptidoglycan (PGN). DC2.4 cells lacking TLR2 or its adaptor protein MyD88 extend dendrites in response to SCFAs, but failed to extend dendrites in response to S. aureus. Furthermore, inhibitors of ERK, PI3K, and Cdc42 suppressed dendrite extension triggered by S. aureus. Co-stimulation with S. aureus and butyrate enhanced dendrite extension beyond either stimulus alone. DC2.4 cells co-stimulated with S. aureus and butyrate also showed increased uptake of insoluble beads and, upon co-culture with T cells, induced elevated production of IL-17 and IL-10 by T cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that S. aureus activates ERK/PI3K/Cdc42 signaling through TLR2 recognition of PGN to drive dendrite extension in DCs. In addition, S. aureus promotes dendrite extension in DCs via a pathway distinct from that of SCFAs, thereby acting cooperatively with SCFAs to enhance immune responses. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/25
Kobata KaiFuruta KazuyukiIkeya YukiChishaki YoheiIshikawa KazuyaKaito Chikara - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central sentinels of innate immunity that bridge early pathogen recognition to long-term adaptive responses. They act as receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs-highly conserved molecular motifs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs- allow the innate immune system to distinguish "non-self" from "self"), making them critical players in the context of protective host defence and autoimmune disorders, thus regulating inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of TLR ligands as immunomodulators, with an emphasis on their mechanistic underpinnings and translational potential in infectious disease, vaccine design, and autoimmunity. The article begins with outlining the structural features and signalling pathways of TLRs, explaining both MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent cascades that culminate in cytokine, chemokine, and type I interferon production. These pathways orchestrate a wide range of effector responses, from macrophage activation to T and B cell differentiation, highlighting TLRs as master regulators of immune response. Importantly, the review underscores the dualistic nature of TLR signalling: while TLR agonists can serve as potent vaccine adjuvants, chronic or dysregulated TLR activation can drive autoimmune pathology. The article highlights preclinical and clinical evidence for TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants or therapeutic agents for autoimmune conditions, aiming to suppress pathophysiology. Collectively, this review highlights TLR ligands as versatile immunomodulatory tools with diverse applications and immense clinical potential. The detailed mechanistic insights, along with critical shortcomings in light of safety guidelines, provide a balanced perspective on TLR-targeted therapies. This can serve as a roadmap for harnessing TLR pathways, enabling researchers and clinicians to design next-generation vaccines, manage infectious diseases, and develop autoimmune therapies. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/29
Verma DivyaDhar SarthakMalemnganba TakhellambamSharma SanyuktaKar SramonaPrajapati Vijay Kumar - This research systematically compared the jejunum morphology, antioxidant capacity, barrier-related gene expression, and mucosal immune status between two Yunnan local pig breeds, namely Dahe pigs (DH) and Dahe black pigs (DHB), using histopathological staining, antioxidant assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The outcomes indicated that DHB presented a shallower crypt depth and a higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth, suggesting an enhanced capacity for nutrient absorption. In their jejunum, the activities of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were significantly elevated, whereas the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were notably reduced. Conversely, DH displayed superior barrier function, with significantly higher expression levels of tight-junction proteins (Occludin, Claudin-1, and Claudin-2, , mucin genes (), defense-related proteins (), and immune-related genes (Interleukin-10, Toll-like receptor 4, Myeloid differentiation factor 88, Immunoglobulin heavy chain A, Joining chain, and Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, ), along with a significant increase in IgG levels ( < 0.05). These findings uncover the distinct physiological and immunological characteristics between the two breeds, offering theoretical underpinnings for precision nutrition and healthy breeding strategies in local pig populations. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/13
Jia HuijinShi WenzheXue ShiqiZhang WanghongSong GuangyaoYi LanlanZhu JunhongZhao Sumei - Zirconia implants offer excellent aesthetics and biocompatibility but are limited by intrinsic biocatalytic inertness, which impairs osseointegration and antimicrobial activity. Unlike existing zirconia surface modifications (e.g., passive micro/nano structuring or single-layer coatings) that lack time-controlled, multi-stage functionality. Here, we developed a bilayer "sandwich" structure (Trbs-CeO) of cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO NPs) on the surface of zirconia by combining high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser physical modification with chemical modification using (CeO NPs). The outer layer functions as a rapid-release layer, delivering high CeO concentrations within hours to days post-implantation to emphasize anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects; the inner layer is a slow-release layer characterized by a femtosecond laser-engineered micro-nano surface infused with CeO, which continues to release low CeO concentrations for several weeks after the outer layer is exhausted, thereby synergizing with the micro-nano structure of the zirconia substrate to enhance long-term osteogenesis. The anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and osteogenic differentiation effects of Trbs-CeO were evaluated , whereas its osteointegration capacity was evaluated in animal models. Compared with the control group, the Trbs-CeO group exhibited significantly improved surface roughness, wettability, and biocompatibility of the zirconia surface. Trbs-CeO exerts potent antibacterial activity by compromising bacterial cell membranes, induces M2 macrophage polarization, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells, and facilitates osteogenic MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Trbs-CeO significantly enhances osseointegration efficiency. Trbs-CeO provides a distinct, time-programmed bilayer strategy that integrates antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenesis-promoting functions, offering valuable insights for advanced zirconia-based implants. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/09
Song JianyeGuo WeiweiHe XuYang WenhaoYang ZugeDong ShiwuMa YuncanWang Kun - The photorhabdus virulence cassette (PVC), a programmable protein-delivery nanodevice derived from bacterial contractile injection systems, can be engineered to possess recognizing and targeting human cells. However, whether it impacts mammalian liver function and transcriptional networks remains largely unknown. Engineered PVCs were injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. Hepatic transcriptomes were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (GO/KEGG) clustering was applied to differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RNA-seq analysis of the liver's transcriptomes. No acute hepatotoxicity was seen, as indicated by unchanged plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). RNA-seq identified 6,471 DEGs compared with the 0 h group, early transcriptional responses in (2-4 h) group were dominated by innate immune pathways (NF-κB, TNF, and chemokine), driven by upregulation of pattern-recognition receptors ( , , and ) and cytokines. In 12-24 h group, analysis of the significantly downregulated genes showed that multiple genes, such as CYP450, glutathione S-transferases, and carboxylesterase family genes were markedly decreased at 12 h, most of the genes gradually approached 0 h. Time-series analysis revealed coordinated immune-metabolic dynamics: acute inflammation (bell-shaped trend) followed by metabolic reprogramming (U-shaped trend). Single intraperitoneal injection of PVC induces a transient and controllable immune-metabolic response without obvious hepatotoxicity. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/25
Chen XianmeiKang YanruShan MinghaiBin Yahia Noura MLiu YanxiaYang JialiYang YumaHai MeiLi JinyuLong FeiyanMa HaoYang ShaoqiYang Yanhui