Ask about this productRelated genes to: ADRBK2 antibody
- Gene:
- GRK3 NIH gene
- Name:
- G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3
- Previous symbol:
- ADRBK2
- Synonyms:
- BARK2
- Chromosome:
- 22q12.1
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 1992-03-25
- Date modifiied:
- 2016-10-05
Related products to: ADRBK2 antibody
Related articles to: ADRBK2 antibody
- Meyer is an important medicinal herb widely used in Asia, with high medical and nutritional value. Ginsenosides are the most important crucial key components in . After transformation, it can produce rare ginsenoside, which has the characteristics of remarkable activity, improved absorption and broader application. Ginsenosides Rk3 (G-Rk3) and ginsenosides Rh4 (G-Rh4) respectively, are rare ginsenosides derived from , and can also be obtained by biological or chemical conversion of the original ginsenosides (G-Rg1/Re). Compared to the original ginsenosides, G-Rk3 and G-Rh4 exhibit higher activity and bioavailability and have garnered significant attention for their remarkable biological activities. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that G-Rk3 and G-Rh4 have outstanding roles in anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, treatment of heart failure, protection of the nervous system, anti-diabetes, and intestinal protective activities. It fully demonstrates that the rare ginsenosides have significant development potential. In this review, G-Rk3 and G-Rh4 were detailed literature reviewed in terms of efficiency transformation, modern pharmacological action and application potential. It is expected to provide material basis for digging the potential value of and promoting the deep development of its physiological active substances in the medical and health industry. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/02/24
Sun MengLiu YingWang Meng-YangLiu Wei - Chemoattractants generate strong chemotactic and cytotoxic responses in immune cells by activating cognate receptors. Cell surface receptor levels control sensitivity, which is critical for achieving effective responses without excessive inflammation. The surface levels of the attractant receptor FPR1 are controlled through a balance of delivery and removal, which responds to receptor activation and other stimuli. While this regulation is critical for appropriate responses, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, including the roles of classic endocytosis regulators. We address these questions using both focused and genome-scale approaches. We find that the receptor kinase GRK6 acts in parallel with GRK2 and GRK3 to trigger internalization, and that internalization uses a β-arrestin-independent pathway, as well as pathways involving β-arrestin1 and 2. Moreover, we use an integrated analysis of two parallel CRISPR/Cas9 screens to classify regulators of FPR1 biogenesis, surface expression, recycling, and endocytosis. We identify the formin mDia1 and the small GTPase ARF6 as specific regulators of FPR1 internalization, which we confirm using chemical inhibitors in primary human neutrophils. Finally, we find that ARF6 contributes to the β-arrestin-independent pathway. Together, our results provide a systems overview of the control of FPR1 surface levels and offer insights into alternative endocytosis mechanisms used by chemoattractant receptors. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/03/25
Akdoğan EmelLundgren Stefan MKamber Roarke ABassik Michael CCollins Sean R - Industrial production of Steamed Panax notoginseng (SPN) faces batch-to-batch variability (RSD > 15%) in rare G-Rk, G-Rh, 20(S) G-Rg, and 20(R) G-Rg and costly quality control due to expensive reference standards (e.g., 20(S) G-Rg ≈ $2,500 per 5 mg sample). To address this, we developed an integrated strategy: (1) A "Water Activation-Gradient Temperature Control" process optimized via orthogonal design and Arrhenius kinetics (Ea = 58.3 kJ/mol) increased total rare ginsenosides by 78.6% (32.7 mg/g, p < 0.01) under the following optimized parameters: particle size of 2-4 mm, water impregnation of 100% w/w for 2 h, and steaming at 120 °C for 5 h. This optimization reduced batch variability to an RSD < 5%; (2) An HPLC-QAMS method using accessible 20(R) G-Rg as an internal reference achieved simultaneous quantification of four ginsenosides with validated relative correction factors (G-Rk: 0.7331, G-Rh: 0.5015, 20(S) G-Rg: 1.0777; RSD < 2.0%), demonstrating high accuracy (recovery: 91.95-101.34%, RSD < 1.8%), linearity (R² = 1.000), and robustness across HPLC systems (RSD < 3.5%), reducing reference standard costs by 75%. The Single-Marker Quantification (QAMS) method exhibited superior Analysis of greenness (AGREE) (score: 0.76 vs. 0.63 for ESM) and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) (score: 77.5 vs. 65.0 for ESM). Analysis of 15 batches confirmed consistency (RE% < 5% vs. ESM), while optimized extraction (60% ethanol, 5 cycles × 1.5 h) achieved 85.82% transfer rate for 20(R) G-Rg. This work resolves SPN industrialization bottlenecks by ensuring bioactive consistency and establishing a cost-effective, eco-friendly quality control model transferable to other processed botanicals. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/03/08
Ning YifeiWang NanTian ShaoqiongLiang YinxiongMa JiCui Xuiming - G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is regulated by four ubiquitously expressed GPCR kinase isoforms (GRKs), namely GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6. Overexpression of individual GRKs occurs in diseases like cancer and heart failure, prompting a search for potent GRK inhibitors. While various in silico and in vitro approaches exist, few methods assess inhibitor efficacy in cellular systems. To address this, we used HEK293 cell lines co-expressing the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2) and one GRK isoform on a quadruple GRK2/3/5/6 knockout background (ΔQ-GRK). We evaluated the inhibition of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced T360/S364-β2 phosphorylation using the 7TM phosphorylation assay. This combination allowed comprehensive evaluation of commercially available GRK inhibitors. We conclude that compound 8h (GRK2/3 inhibitor) and compound 18 (GRK5/6 inhibitor) are highly recommendable tools for the study of GPCR phosphorylation and function in cellular systems. Together, these cell-based GRK inhibitor assays can facilitate medium- to high-throughput screening of future GRK-targeted drug candidates. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/01/16
Blum Nina KKiefer Manuela CDecker AngelikaKlement LauraMatthees Edda S FWeitzel VerenaNagel FalkoJoseph BabuDrube JuliaUehling DavidHoffmann CarstenSchulz Stefan - This study aimed to screen the specific modules and hub genes of hyperlipidemia. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2025/12/10
Zhao ZhiyiCao YinGu AnnaYao Hanxin