Ask about this productRelated genes to: PNMT protein
- Gene:
- PNMT NIH gene
- Name:
- phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
- Previous symbol:
- PENT
- Synonyms:
- -
- Chromosome:
- 17q12
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 1988-08-12
- Date modifiied:
- 2015-08-25
Related products to: PNMT protein
Related articles to: PNMT protein
- Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous flame-retardant additives with endocrine-disrupting properties. Despite increasing evidence that OPFRs impact neurodevelopment, their effects on the neuroendocrine stress response remain poorly understood. To examine their long-term impact on stress regulation, we treated pregnant C57Bl/6J dams to a mixture of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP; 1 mg/kg each) from gestational day (GD) 7 through postnatal day (PND) 14. Adult offspring (8-9 weeks of age) were then challenged with acute stressors, including 1 h restraint or a 6-day acute variable stress (AVS) paradigm. Perinatal OPFR exposure produced persistent, sex-specific alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress-related neurocircuitry. Following 1 h restraint, OPFR-treated females showed heightened serum corticosterone. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed sex-dependent disruptions in key stress-regulatory pathways after OPFR treatment and 1 h restraint in the hypothalamus (Crhr1, Crhr2, Ptpn5) and pituitary (Crhr1, Pomc, Nr3c1). Females demonstrated more differences in adrenal gene expression related to steroidogenesis (Mc2r, Cyp11b2) and catecholamine biosynthesis (Dbh, Pnmt), with OPFR-treated groups having blunted responses. OPFR AVS females displayed reduced corticosterone and Crh mRNA in the hypothalamus, and downregulated Pacap/Pac1r expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), accompanied by increased behavioral avoidance and immobility. In males, OPFR exposure led to increased BNST Pacap and Pac1r, expression, along with hyperactivity and avoidance behaviors. Together, these findings demonstrate that early-life OPFR exposure induces lasting, sex-specific dysregulation of the HPA axis and associated stress circuits, highlighting OPFRs as developmental neuroendocrine disruptors with implications for mood and stress-related disorders. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/05/06
Rojas Catherine MDeLucca JuliaBrown Caylee AYasrebi AliChiou SavannahBello Nicholas TRoepke Troy A - Housing conditions, particularly environmental enrichment (EE), can influence experimental outcomes and welfare. While EE is generally regarded as beneficial, a male bias exists in research supporting this. This study investigated whether sex differences exist in levels of BDNF in the brain and peripheral tissues in environmentally enriched mice. Expression of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes of the adrenal glands, key to the sympathoadrenal medullary system and stress response, was also investigated. We showed that female mice exposed to EE exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors. EE in male mice did not induce anxiety-like behavior, and it was associated with increased hippocampal and pituitary BDNF expression, suggestive of enhanced neurotrophic support. In the adrenal gland, the levels of adrenal catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, specifically total tyrosine hydroxylase and PNMT levels, were increased in females, but not in males. In conclusion, EE may serve as a mild stressor in female mice. In male mice, EE may have induced neurotrophic support of the hippocampus since hippocampal BDNF levels were increased with minimal changes to adrenal catecholamine synthetic enzymes. This study highlights the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in translational neuroscientific research. - Source: PubMed
Herselman M FLuo S YLin L YZhou X FBobrovskaya L - To systematically identify potential pathological molecular and therapeutic targets for type 2 airway inflammatory diseases using Mendelian randomization (MR) and co-localization analysis. - Source: PubMed
Jiang ZihanMeng JuanLiu Shixi - A precise diagnosis and customized treatment become more difficult by the genomic heterogeneity of breast cancer (BRCA). In order to examine gene expression data from two separate Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray datasets, we used a integrative approach in this study that combined bioinformatics and machine learning. We were able to distinguish between universal and subtype-specific transcriptome patterns by identifying both common and subtype-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using dual-level differential expression analysis. Functional enrichment analysis and the creation of protein-protein interaction networks identified important hub genes, including , and which showed substantial dysregulation and were linked to high mutation rates and a bad prognosis. Survival analyses, which identified as a predictive predictor for the general population and for the Luminal B subtype, highlighted the clinical significance of these hub genes. We used both Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbors classifiers to ensure robust biomarker identification. In the analysis, we prioritized 35 model-agnostic biomarkers that performed well in subtype categorization, such as and . This dual-model approach improved the reliability of biomarker identification while reducing model-specific biases. These results set the stage for early identification, more accurate subtype classification, and possible therapeutic targeting in breast cancer. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/03/09
Goel PrashanshaShaikh Nilofer - We examined the distribution of axons throughout the spinal cord of the rat that were either immunoreactive for the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), or derived from medullary C1 neurons, one of the three groups of neurons in the brain that synthesize PNMT. We observed that PMNT-immunoreactive axons, as well as C1 axons labelled with GFP from viral transduction, innervate most, but not all, sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. GFP-positive C1 axons provided innervation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons that expressed cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, an accepted marker of sympathetic vasomotor neurons. In addition, we observed axons from PNMT-containing and C1 neurons caudal to the distribution of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the sacral spinal cord where they closely apposed parasympathetic preganglionic neurons retrogradely labelled from the major pelvic ganglion. We also found close appositions from PNMT-immunoreactive or GFP-labelled C1 axons on choline acetyltransferase-stained parasympathetic preganglionic neurons activated by the micturition reflex, thus providing clear evidence of a non-cardiovascular target for RVLM C1 neurons. Furthermore, we observed a few PNMT-positive and GFP-positive C1 axons making close appositions with somatic motor neurons in Onuf's nucleus in the sacral cord and in the ventral horn at more rostral levels. These data provide a comprehensive map of the distribution of adrenergic inputs to the spinal cord and identify parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, including those involved in the micturition reflex, as well as sympathetic preganglionic neurons as the major targets for these inputs. - Source: PubMed
Llewellyn-Smith I JTravis LConnelly A ABassi J KMenuet CAllen A M