IL21
- Known as:
- IL21
- Catalog number:
- NB100-94352
- Product Quantity:
- 0.1 mg
- Category:
- -
- Supplier:
- ACR
- Gene target:
- IL21
Related genes to: IL21
- Gene:
- IL21 NIH gene
- Name:
- interleukin 21
- Previous symbol:
- -
- Synonyms:
- Za11, IL-21
- Chromosome:
- 4q27
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 2000-03-29
- Date modifiied:
- 2019-04-23
Related products to: IL21
Related articles to: IL21
- Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration, and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Although conventional views have emphasized the imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, advances in osteoimmunology have shown that T-cell subsets regulate bone remodeling through multilayered mechanisms, including the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis, inflammatory cytokine networks, costimulatory molecules, immune checkpoints, the gut microbiota, and cellular metabolic reprogramming. Th17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17 promote RANKL expression and amplify the NF-κB/MAPK/NFATc1 pathway of osteoclast differentiation, thereby constituting a key pathogenic component in inflammatory bone loss and postmenopausal osteoporosis. In contrast, regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit osteoclast formation through Foxp3-, IL-10-, TGF-β-, CTLA-4- and IDO-related pathways, thereby limiting proinflammatory T-cell activation and maintaining bone marrow immune homeostasis. Th1/Th2 cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, T follicular helper cells, NKT cells, and mucosa-associated unconventional T cells may also influence bone resorption and formation in different pathological contexts through factors such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, and membrane-bound RANKL. Drawing on the literature concerning T-cell subsets, the Th17/Tregs and Th1/Th2 balances, γδ T cells, and the RANKL/OPG axis, this review provides a narrative synthesis of current evidence about the molecular mechanisms by which T-cell subsets regulate osteoporosis-related bone remodeling, the features of immune imbalance in different types of osteoporosis, T-cell-targeted intervention strategies, and translational challenges. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for developing precision antiosteoporotic therapies from an osteoimmune perspective. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/11
Gong YuanZeng WenxingLiao YitaoXie XuanyuQin ZhichaoLi ChaoZhang Xian - Photodynamic priming (PDP), a fallout of photodynamic therapy, transiently modulates the tumor microenvironment (TME), enhances therapeutic susceptibility, and promotes immunogenic cell death through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains non-responsive to current therapies with a desmoplastic and immunosuppressive TME that limits drug delivery and blunts responses to immune checkpoint blockade. We investigated whether PDP could enhance anti-PD1 therapy responses in PDAC using patient-derived organoids (PDOs). PDOs were treated with Visudyne and red light (25, 75, and 100 J/cm²), followed by assessment of cytotoxicity, DAMP expression (HSP60, calreticulin, HMGB1), and transcriptomic changes. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) from healthy donors were cocultured with PDP-treated (25 J/cm) PDOs, then with matched naïve T cells. mDC and T cell activation markers were analyzed. Pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) was added to PDO-mDC-T cell cocultures to evaluate combined effects on PDO viability and T cell activation. PDP induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity and upregulated DAMPs. Gene profiling in PDOs showed increased , , and , with reduced , , and expression. mDCs exposed to PDP-treated PDOs upregulated CD40, CD86, and MHC-II, driving activation of CD4 and CD8 T cells, evidenced by elevated PD1 expression. Addition of pembrolizumab further decreased PDO viability and amplified effector cytokines (, , , B, , ). PDP was associated with modulation of the PDAC TME toward a more immunogenic phenotype by enhancing tumor immunogenicity, activating dendritic cells and T cells, and potentiating PD1 blockade. These findings provide mechanistic support for further preclinical and clinical evaluation of PDP combined with checkpoint inhibition in PDAC. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/11
De Silva PushpamaliWekking DemiChoe Joanna JoeunKidd Madeline DPearce Josie LRocha Castellanos Dario MissaelZelga PiotrJenkins RussellWang Kenneth KChandrasekhara VinayMaytin Edward VLiss Andrew ScottHasan Tayyaba - Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a dynamic B cell subset whose identity, development, and function are fundamentally shaped by the tissue microenvironments in which they reside. Primarily defined by expression of CD11c and T-bet, ABCs arise across diverse contexts, including aging, infection, autoimmunity, and cancer, yet exhibit striking heterogeneity that reflects the distinct signals present in each tissue niche. While the core generative cues of TLR7/9 activation, IFN-γ, IL-21, and BCR stimulation are common, the local tissue environment dictates how these signals are integrated and which functional properties are ultimately expressed. In infectious environments, altered splenic structure, peripheral tissue inflammation, and organ-specific cytokine gradients influence context-dependent ABC phenotypes with unique localization and effector characteristics. In autoimmune diseases, target organ microenvironments provide the TLR ligands, cytokines, and cellular interactions that sustain local ABC expansion and pathogenic activity. Similarly, in the tumor microenvironment, ABCs are shaped by tertiary lymphoid structures and chronic inflammatory signals that can shift their function between pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive states. This review explores how tissue microenvironments influence ABC biology in infections, autoimmunity, and cancer, highlighting critical implications for understanding disease mechanisms and developing targeted therapeutic strategies. - Source: PubMed
Francis Rebecca LWeinstein Jason S - To investigate the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment, particularly the follicular helper T cell (Tfh)/follicular regulatory T cell (Tfr) equilibrium, in bladder cancer. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/07/15
Peng BoWang YanLi HaochenZhuang ChangshuiGuan RijianZhang HaopengWan Lijun - Personalized neoantigen (neoAg) vaccines have shown clinical promise in solid tumors , yet their efficacy and mechanism of action in hematopoietic malignancies remain poorly defined . Herein, we establish an immunocompetent syngeneic A20 B-cell lymphoma platform to test the efficacy of neoAg vaccines used either as mono- or combinatorial therapies with other immunotherapies . Whereas subcutaneous A20 tumors were refractory to single-agent αPD-1 or αCTLA4 therapy, they were eradicated in a T cell-dependent manner in 90% of syngeneic hosts treated with dual immune checkpoint therapy (dual ICT, i.e., αPD-1 + αCTLA4). By mapping antigen specificity of dual-ICT-elicited T cells, we identified and validated dominant endogenous A20 MHC-I and MHC-II neoantigens and designed therapeutic synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines containing these neoepitopes. This vaccine (A20 neoVAX) promoted robust neoAg-specific CD4□ and CD8□ T cell responses in naïve syngeneic BALB/c mice and induced tumor rejection in ∼70% of subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. In addition, nearly all mice rejected their subcutaneous A20 tumors when A20 neoVAX was combined with αPD-1. To render the results of this study more physiologic, we developed a systemic A20 lymphoma model and found that dual ICT failed to control tumor progression and A20 neoVAX delayed tumor progression and prolonged animal survival but did not induce tumor rejection. In contrast, A20 neoVAX plus dual ICT achieved durable systemic tumor elimination. Mechanistically, the combination of A20 neoVAX plus dual ICT amplified priming of A20 neoAg-specific T cells, prevented T cell dysfunction, sustained the cytotoxic capacity of tumor-specific CD8 T cells, and induced Th1-skewing of CD4 T cells in tumor and peripheral compartments. To increase the clinical relevance of these findings and to minimize potential adverse events in tumor-bearing, therapeutically treated individuals, we substituted CD8-targeted cytokine muteins (CD8-IL2 or CD8-IL21) for αCTLA4. These agents represent genetically modified forms of IL-2 or IL-21 that selectively stimulate CD8 T cells but have significantly reduced capacity to activate chronic inflammation and immunosuppressive functions of other immune cells. Whereas mice bearing systemic A20 lymphoma treated with either nothing, A20 neoVAX, or A20 neoVAX + CD8-IL2 failed to control tumor outgrowth, 66.7% of tumor-bearing mice treated with A20 neoVAX + CD8-IL2 + αPD-1 rejected their tumors. In similar experiments in which CD8-IL21 was substituted for CD8-IL2, tumor clearance was also observed in two-thirds of A20-bearing mice but now rejection occurred in the absence of αPD1. Together, these data define a framework for optimal personalized neoAg vaccination in B-lymphoma and demonstrate that neoAg vaccines can safely synergize with CD8 T cell-selective immunotherapies to prevent T-cell dysfunction and generate durable systemic anti-tumor immunity. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/08/06
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