Lower Buffer Tank, AE_6155
- Known as:
- Lower Buffer Tank, AE_6155
- Catalog number:
- 2393194
- Category:
- -
- Supplier:
- Ato
- Gene target:
- Lower Buffer Tank AE_6155
Related genes to: Lower Buffer Tank, AE_6155
- Gene:
- TANK NIH gene
- Name:
- TRAF family member associated NFKB activator
- Previous symbol:
- TRAF2
- Synonyms:
- I-TRAF
- Chromosome:
- 2q24.2
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 1997-06-12
- Date modifiied:
- 2015-11-19
Related products to: Lower Buffer Tank, AE_6155
Related articles to: Lower Buffer Tank, AE_6155
- Natural products are biologically active compounds used for therapeutic interventions for various diseases, particularly infections. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway involving lysosomal degradation and is closely associated with immunological pathways, effectively combating bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy activation or inhibition by natural products promotes antimicrobial responses against various pathogens. Numerous natural products can modulate autophagy through diverse signaling pathways, suggesting their potential as a host-directed therapeutic strategy that may complement conventional drug regimens or help mitigate drug resistance in various infectious diseases. However, it remains largely unclear whether these effects are mediated by direct modulation of autophagy or indirectly through associated mechanisms, including enhanced immune defense, attenuation of pathological inflammation, or crosstalk with other organelle functions. Additionally, multiple pathogens can evade host responses; thus, autophagy activation may inadvertently create favorable conditions for certain pathogens. This review discusses the current knowledge of natural products in terms of their antimicrobial actions through autophagy regulation, particularly the roles of distinct natural product classes, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, peptides, and macrolides in modulating autophagy for potentially contributing to control various infectious diseases. Exploring the intricate molecular interplay between natural products and autophagy in limiting infections may provide valuable insights that could inform the development of innovative host-directed antimicrobial treatments based on autophagy regulation. 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AM: alveolar macrophages; AMP: antimicrobial peptides; AMPK: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ART: artemisinin; ASFV: African swine fever virus; ATG: autophagy related; AZM: azithromycin; BafA1: bafilomycin A; BECN1: beclin 1; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CAMKK2: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2; CBD: cannabidiol; CF: cystic fibrosis; CGA: chlorogenic acid; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CHUK/IKKα: component of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex; CLP: cecal ligation and puncture; CLR: clarithromycin; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CoV: coronavirus; DHT: dihydrotanshinone I; EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2; ESKAPE: , and spp.; ESRRA: estrogen related receptor alpha; FOXO1: forkhead box O1; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HDT: host-directed therapy; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HSV: herpes simplex virus; IAV: influenza A virus; ICT: isocryptotanshinone; IFN: interferon; IKBKB/IKKβ: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta; IL: interleukin; INH: isoniazid; IRF3: IFN regulatory factor 3; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDM: monocyte-derived macrophage; MDR: multidrug-resistant; MON: monotropein; Mtb: ; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; mtROS: mitochondrial ROS; NET: neutrophil extracellular trap; NFE2L2/Nrf2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NLRX1: NLR family member X1; NOTCH1: notch receptor 1; NTM: nontuberculous mycobacteria; OMS: ohmyungsamycin; PAK1: p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 1; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PKM/PKM2: pyruvate kinase M1/2; PLD: phospholipase D; PM: peritoneal macrophage; PPM1A: protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1A; PRKN/parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RELA/p65: RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit; RIF: rifampicin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RSV: resveratrol; RUBCN/rubicon: rubicon autophagy regulator; SAR: selective autophagy receptor; SIRT: sirtuin; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; Tat: trans-activator of transcription; TB: tuberculosis; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TLR: toll like receptor; TNA: tanshinone IIA; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UA: ursolic acid; ULK1/Atg1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPR: unfolded protein response; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; VAMP8: vesicle associated membrane protein 8; VDR: vitamin D receptor; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1; ZIKV: Zika virus. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/28
Paik SeungwhaUm SoohyunKim In SooPark Eun-JinKim Kyung TaeBasu JoyotiOh Dong-ChanJo Eun-Kyeong - Cultivating dedifferentiated plant cells in bioreactors offers a continuous, scalable, reproducible, and fully controlled platform for producing valuable secondary metabolites. However, performance is highly dependent on cultivation conditions. In this study, we investigated the impact of different bioreactor configurations on the growth and metabolite production of an apple plant cell suspension culture. Stirred-tank bioreactors (STRs) with different vessel geometries (flat and round-bottom) were evaluated at the multi-liter scale (2-5 L) and compared, for the first time with plant cells, with a high-throughput small volume parallel system (240 mL). Using these mini-bioreactors, we studied the effect of impeller type (Rushton, marine, elephant ear) and pO2 cascade controls on cell growth and triterpene production. Results revealed that triterpene content and biomass yield varied significantly across cultivation systems and that plant cells were highly sensitive to shear stress, with variation coefficient reaching 56.2%-63.5%. Configurations with elephant ear-type impellers seemed to reduce shear stress, supporting stable triterpene accumulation (14.15 mg/g cells DW) and higher biomass (11.8 g DW/L). The high-throughput system closely mirrored multi-liter STR performance, demonstrating consistent and reliable prediction at larger scales. In contrast, wave bioreactors and flask cultures yielded distinct results, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring and system-specific optimization. Overall, these findings demonstrate that careful selection of bioreactor design and control strategy is critical for maximizing plant cell growth and metabolite production, and that small-scale high-throughput systems can be effectively used as process development tool for plant cell-based biomanufacturing. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/27
Lillberg AmandaGuerriero GeaCocco EmmanuelleJourdan SamuelSergeant KjellRenaut JennyPajumo MariaAkhgari AmirRischer HeikoLegay Sylvain - Reproducibility and replicability remain a challenge in behavioural neuroscience, including zebrafish research. One source of this issue may stem from differences in how we raise and keep these fish in the laboratory. While there are efforts to standardize husbandry conditions, one potentially important source of variability is often ignored: human-animal interaction. In this opinion piece, we argue that routine husbandry procedures such as netting, feeding, tank cleaning and water changes can constitute repeated acute stressors that can lead to chronic alteration of zebrafish physiology and behaviour. These human-induced stress effects are known to interact with experimental treatments in other species, and thus are expected to confound results obtained with zebrafish too. Furthermore, timing of maintenance tasks, including human handling, and other temporal factors can introduce systematic facility-, study- or handler-specific effects. We suggest that these unreported human-animal interactions and unstandardized temporal maintenance patterns represent hidden variables that can undermine reproducibility of data, and argue that recognition and documentation of these factors are necessary for improving the reliability of zebrafish research. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/25
Tsang BenjaminGerlai Robert - Motorcycle crashes are a major contributor to road traffic fatalities in Cambodia, where motorcycles represent the dominant mode of transportation. Given the spatial dependence and heterogeneity inherent in crash data, this study examines spatial associations between built environment characteristics, climatic factors, and motorcycle crash frequency across 197 districts in Cambodia in 2019. Global Moran's Index was used to assess spatial autocorrelation in crash frequency and explanatory variables. After evaluating the distributional properties of crash counts and multicollinearity among predictors, several regression models were estimated and compared, including Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS), Poisson regression (PR), Negative Binomial regression (NBR), and Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (GWNBR). The results indicate that the GWNBR model outperforms global models by more effectively capturing spatial heterogeneity in the relationships between environmental factors and motorcycle crash frequency. Several variables exhibit relatively consistent spatial association patterns across districts: road length, road density, residential land use proportion, and precipitation are positively associated with motorcycle crash frequency in many locations, whereas population density, intersection density, and the number of annual rainy days are predominantly negatively associated. By revealing spatially varying association patterns in motorcycle crashes, this study provides evidence to support geographically differentiated approaches to motorcycle safety analysis and planning in Cambodia and other low- and middle-income countries. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/27
Li YaqiuZhang JunyiLi HaoranVirakvichetra Lon - The frequent occurrence of Autonomous Vehicle (AV) collisions significantly impacts development and user trust. These collisions arise from a complex interaction of factors, but their interdependencies are not fully understood. This study analyzed 776 publicly available AV -related collision reports from the California Department of Motor Vehicles, identifying key factors and their complex interactions. The identified risk factors are divided into three categories: vehicle basic information, collision details, and road and environmental characteristics. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/04/27
Yang LiuXu ShuoDu Zihao