BACTERIOLOGY Stx2 Recombinant, Titered (LMD ASSAY ONLY)
- Known as:
- BACTERIOLOGY Stx2 Recombinant, Titered (LMD ASSAY ONLY)
- Catalog number:
- GEN0801793
- Product Quantity:
- 1
- Category:
- Peptides
- Supplier:
- Bio-gentaur
- Gene target:
- BACTERIOLOGY Stx2 Recombinant Titered (LMD ASSAY ONLY)
Related genes to: BACTERIOLOGY Stx2 Recombinant, Titered (LMD ASSAY ONLY)
- Gene:
- STX2 NIH gene
- Name:
- syntaxin 2
- Previous symbol:
- STX2B, STX2C, STX2A, EPIM
- Synonyms:
- EPM
- Chromosome:
- 12q24.33
- Locus Type:
- gene with protein product
- Date approved:
- 1994-07-04
- Date modifiied:
- 2016-10-05
Related products to: BACTERIOLOGY Stx2 Recombinant, Titered (LMD ASSAY ONLY)
Related articles to: BACTERIOLOGY Stx2 Recombinant, Titered (LMD ASSAY ONLY)
- Foods can be contaminated by a wide range of microorganisms, originating from multiple sources within domestic kitchens. However, the role of flies and ants as carriers of bacteria in these environments remains poorly understood, and data on the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of insect-associated bacteria remain scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Enterobacterales and spp. recovered from flies and ants collected in domestic kitchens and to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates. Additionally, selected virulence genes were investigated in and , two recognized foodborne pathogens. A total of 240 insects (113 flies and 127 ants) were collected from 58 domestic kitchens. Twenty-six Enterobacterales isolates belonging to nine species were recovered from 17 kitchens, including a single multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolate identified as . In addition, 45 staphylococcal isolates representing nine species were recovered from 25 kitchens, originating from 36 flies and 9 ants. Among these, 13 isolates exhibited an MDR phenotype, including and several non- species. None of the isolates carried the or genes, whereas none of the isolates harbored the , , , , or genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the simultaneous recovery of MDR bacteria from flies and ants collected in domestic kitchens. These findings provide new evidence that household insects may act as carriers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, highlighting their potential role in the dissemination of clinically relevant bacterial species, including MDR strains, within domestic environments. Effective insect control and good household food hygiene practices may help reduce the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and mitigate the risk of difficult-to-treat foodborne infections. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/09/01
Ferraz Carolina MagriPeterle Valéria ModoloRangel Matheus Zorzal BernardesParis Gabrielly de MouraFávaro Enzo Bernardes RochaSimões Sarah BernardesOliveira Lucas PossaBrugnera Heloisa CristinaSantana Júlia SilvaViana Gustavo Guimarães FernandesNassar Alessandra Figueiredo de CastroCastro VanessaSchuenck Ricardo PintoPereira Juliano GonçalvesFurlan João Pedro RuedaCardozo Marita VedovelliRossi Gabriel Augusto Marques - Childhood infections by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing (STEC) cause bloody diarrhea and the life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Stx2, produced by STEC in the gut, is released into the bloodstream and interacts with circulating cells (monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets) through two different receptors: Gb3Cer (globotriaosylceramide) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Consequently, blood cells form leukocyte/platelet aggregates and release pathogenic Stx2-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) that, by damaging the kidney, induce the transition from bloody diarrhea to HUS. Human blood was incubated with Stx2 to induce the formation of neutrophil/platelet and platelet-only aggregates (observed in May-Grünwald Giemsa-stained blood smears) and pathogenic blood cell-derived EVs (isolated by size-exclusion chromatography or differential centrifugation) toxic to Vero cells (assessed by a viability assay). In the presence of a monoclonal antibody against TLR4 (anti-TLR4), the formation of neutrophil/platelet and platelet-only aggregates was greatly reduced compared to treatment with Stx2 alone. Moreover, anti-TLR4 significantly decreased the total mass of pathogenic blood cell-derived EVs produced by Stx2 (detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis), which proved less toxic to Vero cells than those produced by Stx2 alone. The impairment of the Stx2-TLR4 axis obtained during the experimental pathogenesis of HUS provides proof-of-concept evidence supporting TLR4 as a potential therapeutic target. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/09/08
Varrone ElisaPepe VeronicaStorci GianlucaBonafè MassimilianoBrunetti BarbaraBrigotti Maurizio - Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) infection causes severe enteropathies and hemolytic uremic syndrome, yet non-antibiotic therapeutic strategies remain limited. This study evaluated whether gypenosides (GPs) protect against STEC-induced intestinal injury and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Mice were pretreated with GPs prior to STEC challenge, and protective effects were comprehensively assessed through survival analysis, bacterial burden quantification, transcriptomic profiling, flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and Western blotting. GPs significantly improved survival rates, alleviated diarrheal symptoms, reduced bacterial dissemination in systemic organs, and lowered Stx2 toxin levels. Furthermore, GPs effectively restored gut microbiota dysbiosis by enriching beneficial bacterial genera. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that GP treatment was associated with suppression of ferroptosis-related signaling pathways. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated ameliorated mitochondrial vacuolization, and biochemical assays confirmed decreased Fe accumulation and attenuated lipid peroxidation. Mechanistically, these changes were associated with modulation of the ATF4-CHAC1-GPX4 axis and suppression of ferroptosis, together with preservation of mitochondrial integrity. Collectively, these findings identify GPs as a promising protective candidate against STEC-induced intestinal injury and highlight the ATF4-CHAC1-GPX4 axis as a candidate pathway for further mechanistic investigation. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/09/01
Su FeiLiang LiwenYu BinXu LihuaSun HongchaoYe ShiyiYuan XiufangXue YinLiu CanyingLi Junxing - : Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) are important zoonotic pathogens associated with gastrointestinal infections and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Increasing serotype diversity, emergence of hybrid strains, and growing antimicrobial resistance complicate surveillance and treatment. This review summarizes recent data on STEC isolated from major animal reservoirs between 2020 and 2026. : We comparatively analyzed peer-reviewed, open-access studies investigating STEC from cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, wildlife, and related animal products. We extracted and evaluated data on serotypes, virulence genes, hybrid pathotypes, and antimicrobial resistance determinants. : High serotype diversity was observed across all reservoirs, with non-O157 STEC frequently predominating over O157:H7. Ruminant isolates commonly carried and additional virulence determinants associated with severe human disease, confirming cattle and small ruminants as major reservoirs of highly pathogenic STEC. Poultry-associated isolates showed greater variability in virulence profiles but frequently exhibited high rates of multidrug resistance. Hybrid strains combining virulence traits characteristic of multiple pathotypes were increasingly reported. Livestock-associated STEC commonly carried resistance determinants against β-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, and polymyxins, whereas wildlife isolates generally showed lower rates of resistance. : Animal-associated STEC populations demonstrate increasing genomic diversity, pathogenic potential, and antimicrobial resistance. The growing prevalence of non-O157 and hybrid strains highlights the limitations of traditional serotype-focused surveillance and emphasizes the need for integrated One Health monitoring strategies. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/09/11
Kosznik-Kwaśnicka KatarzynaNecel AgnieszkaJarzembowski TomaszPiechowicz Lidia - In the epidermis, differentiated keratinocytes form tight junctions (TJs) at a specific layer of the stratified epithelium, contributing to the skin barrier function. Previously, we demonstrated that the t-SNARE protein Syntaxin3 (Stx3) is necessary for TJ assembly in differentiated HaCaT keratinocytes. In simple epithelial cells, the apical targeting signal (ATS), located within helix a of Stx3, appears to be essential for TJ formation. Here, using Stx3-knockout HaCaT cells with inducible expression of various Stx3 mutants, we present a distinct mechanism of Stx3-dependent TJ assembly in epidermal keratinocytes that have lost apicobasal polarity. We found that in differentiated HaCaT cells, Stx3 lacking ATS still retains the ability to induce TJ formation, but replacing helices a and b with those of its paralogue epimorphin/Stx2 eliminated this ability. Intriguingly, a subpopulation of wild-type Stx3 appeared to be exposed to the extracellular space upon differentiation, and extracellular addition of a recombinant form of Stx3 supported TJ assembly. We also found that substituting only the six amino acids in helix b of Stx3 (SMEKHI) with the corresponding motif from Stx2, known as the functional core of extracellular Stx2, completely abolished this ability. These findings suggest that the differentiation-induced extrusion of Stx3 is crucial for TJ assembly in differentiated keratinocytes, with the possible core motif in helix b playing an essential role, providing new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of TJ formation in the stratified epidermis. - Source: PubMed
Publication date: 2026/09/23
Kitadai AkariInoue YumeAbe JunyaHirai Yohei